Dr. Harold Olmo of U.C. Davis, created many new grape varieties by crossing different varieties for both wine grapes (which are considerably smaller in berry size) and table grapes (which are usually larger in size).    Two examples of his wine grapes intended for warm climates are Carnelian and Symphony, seen here as column climbers.  Symphony is a cross of the vinifera varieties Muscat of Alexandria and Grenache Gris.    The name was coined because of the “Symphony” between rich aromas and flavors of orange blossom, apricot and peach.  It has a silvery coloring to it on the vine to a pale yellowish green in the glass. It was introduced commercially in 1981 and patented in 1983.   Although it was intended to be grown in hot climates, it does best with cool breezes, as in Lodi. Carnelian is a crossing of Vitis Vinifera Carignan and a separate cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache.  Carnelian same a similar taste profile as Cabernet with blackberry and blueberry notes.  However, it has structure of Grenache with low tannins and low acidity.  It was released in 1972 to be a hot climate grape.  Australians started growing it, accidentally and now it’s catching on.   In contrast to crosses, a hybrid is a cross between two different species, such as Vitis Vinifera and Vitis Lambrusco, grapes originating on different continents.  A clone is a cutting of a specific grape to reproduce that exact same plant.  As grapes are planted in different places, they evolve to the conditions best suited to the different climates and terroir.   Then specific clones are sought out for new vineyards that will do best to the specific vineyards conditions.  A grafting is a cutting from one plant grafted onto another that may be resistant to diseases such as phylloxera, thereby making the plant with the graft, resistant to the disease.